Fig. 1

Longitudinal analysis of determinants of multimorbidity among people aged 45 years and older in China, 2011–2018. ADLs = activities of daily living, IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living. This table presents the results of the longitudinal analysis using data from four waves of CHARLS (2011–2018) to examine the associations between sociodemographic variables, ADLs, IADLs, and multimorbidity over time. The longitudinal aspect of the analysis accounts for the trends and patterns in multimorbidity determinants among the study population