Table 4 Comparing the average scale and total scores of PedsQL™ 4.0 GCM across groups in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (n = 181)

Gender

 Boy

73.26 ± 20.36

74.88 ± 20.95

82.06 ± 18.83

72.63 ± 21.15

76.09 ± 16.64

74.56 ± 15.97

 Girl

66.31 ± 22.86

72.54 ± 24.15

78.47 ± 20.93

69.58 ± 22.09

73.18 ± 20.32

70.53 ± 19.35

p value

0.042

0.508

0.251

0.388

0.325

0.155

Effect size^a

0.32

0.10

0.18

0.14

0.16

0.23

Caregiver who filled out the questionnaire

 Mother

69.82 ± 21.29

71.52 ± 22.46

79.90 ± 20.21

69.89 ± 20.99

73.28 ± 17.66

71.65 ± 16.88

 Father or others

75.06 ± 21.36

82.56 ± 18.07

84.24 ± 16.94

77.96 ± 22.19

81.89 ± 17.48

78.99 ± 17.38

p value

0.161

0.004

0.204

0.045

0.010

0.023

Effect size

0.25

0.54

0.23

0.37

0.49

0.43

Maternal educational level

 Middle school or lower

68.08 ± 22.58

71.85 ± 23.64

74.20 ± 21.37

65.52 ± 26.89

70.34 ± 21.10

69.12 ± 20.16

 High school or equivalent

69.08 ± 23.21

75.00 ± 22.41

79.88 ± 20.80

74.00 ± 17.31

75.24 ± 16.76

72.40 ± 16.24

 College or above

75.33 ± 18.19

75.74 ± 20.04

88.10 ± 13.71

75.98 ± 16.39

79.85 ± 13.85

77.96 ± 13.38

p value

0.111

0.568

 < .001

0.017

0.013

0.016

Effect size

0.03

0.01

0.10

0.05

0.05

0.05

Paternal educational level

 Middle school or lower

65.80 ± 23.42

71.07 ± 24.38

73.28 ± 21.72

67.31 ± 23.76

70.24 ± 20.73

68.12 ± 19.86

 High school or equivalent

74.40 ± 23.59

78.33 ± 22.30

83.80 ± 16.66

73.93 ± 23.05

78.07 ± 16.91

76.23 ± 17.52

 College or above

72.82 ± 17.58

73.77 ± 19.67

84.71 ± 18.09

73.36 ± 18.16

76.88 ± 15.69

75.10 ± 14.00

p value

0.078

0.240

0.002

0.215

0.056

0.033

Effect size

0.05

0.03

0.11

0.02

0.04

0.04

Employment status of father

 Yes

71.69 ± 21.48

75.44 ± 20.89

82.04 ± 18.73

72.71 ± 20.76

76.31 ± 17.23

74.21 ± 16.77

 No

59.12 ± 15.47

49.44 ± 28.33

59.80 ± 23.49

52.59 ± 25.62

54.55 ± 18.29

56.14 ± 16.64

p value

0.085

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.006

 < 0.001

0.002

Effect size

0.67

1.05

1.05

0.86

1.22

1.08

First visit to the hospital for the diagnosis of INS

 Yes

75.24 ± 21.13

77.78 ± 21.69

87.17 ± 15.96

76.81 ± 20.28

80.52 ± 16.55

78.13 ± 16.69

 No

69.29 ± 21.30

72.60 ± 21.98

78.28 ± 20.34

69.66 ± 21.63

73.08 ± 18.07

71.37 ± 17.10

p value

0.086

0.147

0.005

0.054

0.016

0.023

Effect size

0.28

0.24

0.49

0.34

0.43

0.40

Presence of renal insufficiency

 Yes

61.43 ± 19.73

71.39 ± 23.57

70.41 ± 22.75

68.44 ± 20.87

68.90 ± 20.34

65.38 ± 17.27

 No

72.13 ± 21.32

74.45 ± 21.84

82.09 ± 18.86

71.96 ± 21.55

75.79 ± 17.60

74.07 ± 17.04

p value

0.043

0.576

0.016

0.533

0.144

0.054

Effect size

0.52

0.14

0.56

0.17

0.36

0.51

Presence of hypertension

 Yes

60.34 ± 20.16

67.73 ± 24.94

67.84 ± 19.50

64.50 ± 19.92

65.80 ± 17.96

63.42 ± 17.48

 No

71.76 ± 21.31

74.56 ± 21.78

81.78 ± 19.28

72.08 ± 21.52

75.73 ± 17.81

73.86 ± 17.05

p value

0.086

0.319

0.021

0.280

0.089

0.063

Effect size

0.55

0.29

0.72

0.37

0.56

0.60

Only using steroid treatment

 Yes

77.04 ± 19.97

80.70 ± 21.92

87.43 ± 15.22

80.61 ± 21.38

82.81 ± 17.08

80.41 ± 16.76

 No

68.79 ± 21.51

71.64 ± 21.54

78.45 ± 20.45

68.41 ± 20.62

72.39 ± 17.48

70.66 ± 16.69

p value

0.020

0.013

0.005

0.001

 < 0.001

0.001

Effect size

0.40

0.42

0.50

0.58

0.60

0.58