Table 3 Analysis of measurement invariance by gender, age ranges and geographic residence areas (n = 600)

M1. Configurational model

51.024(40)

1.27

0.999

0.999

0.030

(0.000, 0.053)

0.030

M2. Measurement model

63.735(47)

1.35

0.999

0.999

0.035

(0.000, 0.054)

0.033

M2 vs. M1

12.711(7), p =.079

0

0

0.004

0.003

M3. Scalar invariance

67.354(54)

1.24

0.999

0.999

0.029

(0.008, 0.049)

0.034

M3 vs. M2

3.618(7), p =.822

0

0

− 0.006

0.001

M4. Strict invariance

81.880(62)

1.32

0.999

0.999

0.033

(0.005, 0.051)

0.037

M4 vs. M3

14.526(8), p =.069

0

0

0.004

0.003

Age ranges

X²(gl)

X²/gl

CFI

TLI

RMSEA

(CI 90%)

SRMR

ΔX²

ΔCFI

ΔTLI

ΔRMSEA

ΔSRMR

M1. Configurational model

51.024(40)

1.27

0.999

0.999

0.030

(0.000, 0.053)

0.030

M2. Measurement model

115.026(74)

1.55

0.997

0.997

0.053

(0.033, 0.071)

0.045

M2 vs. M1

51.451(14), p =.001

− 0.002

− 0.003

0.035

0.012

M3. Scalar invariance

127.902(88)

1.45

0.997

0.997

0.048

(0.028, 0.065)

0.048

M3 vs. M2

12.877(14), p =.536

0

0.001

− 0.005

0.003

M4. Strict invariance

178.961(104)

1.72

0.995

0.996

0.060

(0.045, 0.075)

0.055

M4 vs. M3

51.059(16), p =.001

− 0.002

− 0.001

− 0.012

0.007

Geographic residence area

X²(gl)

X²/gl

CFI

TLI

RMSEA

(CI 90%)

SRMR

ΔX²

ΔCFI

ΔTLI

ΔRMSEA

ΔSRMR

M1. Configurational model

61.712(60)

1.02

0.999

0.999

0.012

(0.000, 0.045)

0.032

M2. Measurement model

85.157(74)

1.15

0.999

0.999

0.028

(0.000, 0.051)

0.038

M2 vs. M1

23.472(14), p =.053

0

0

0.016

0.005

M3. Scalar invariance

89.919(88)

1.02

0.999

0.999

0.010

(0.000, 0.040)

0.039

M3 vs. M2

4.735(14), p =.989

0

0

− 0.017

0.002

M4. Strict invariance

114.419(104)

1.10

0.999

0.999

0.022

(0.000, 0.044)

0.044

M4 vs. M3

24.5(16), p =.079

0

0

0.012

0.005

Cut-off points

< 3

> 0.950

> 0.950

< 0.08

< 0.05

p >.05

≤ 0.01

≤ 0.01

≤ 0.015

≤ 0.015