Table 4 EQ-5D-5L utility indexes & EQ-VAS by participant characteristics and stage of treatment

Total

83

[0.82, 0.85]

0.87

[0.85, 0.88]

0.90

[0.89, 0.92]

< 0.001

67.1

[65.6, 68.6]

70.8

[69.5, 72.1]

79.4

[78.1, 80.6]

< 0.001

DEMOGRAPHICS

Sex

 Female

0.85

[0.84, 0.87]

0.88

[0.87, 0.90]

0.92

[0.90, 0.93]

< 0.001

68.1

[66.4, 69.9]

71.3

[69.8, 72.8]

79.6

[78.2, 81.0]

0.010

 Male

0.77

[0.73, 0.81]

0.82

[0.79, 0.86]

0.86

[0.82, 0.90]

63.9

[60.8, 66.9]

69.4

[66.6, 72.2]

78.6

[76.0, 81.2]

p-value¶

< 0.001

0.011

0.020

0.010

0.261

0.447

Age

 <35 years

0.88

[0.86, 0.90]

0.94

[0.92, 0.95]

0.97

[0.95, 0.98]

< 0.001

73.6

[70.8, 76.3]

80.0

[77.8, 82.2]

87.8

[86.0, 89.6]

< 0.001

 35–44 years

0.81

[0.77, 0.86]

0.87

[0.84, 0.90]

0.94

[0.91, 0.96]

65.8

[62.3, 69.4]

72.1

[68.8, 75.3]

79.5

[76.9, 82.1]

 45–54 years

0.84

[0.80, 0.87]

0.86

[0.82, 0.90]

0.89

[0.86, 0.93]

67.7

[64.2, 71.2]

69.2

[66.3, 72.2]

79.6

[76.8, 82.4]

 55–64 years

0.82

[0.78, 0.85]

0.83

[0.80, 0.86]

0.87

[0.84, 0.90]

65.0

[61.8, 68.2]

66.8

[64.1, 69.6]

75.4

[72.7, 78.0]

 65 + years

0.82

[0.77, 0.87]

0.84

[0.79, 0.88]

0.85

[0.79, 0.90]

62.3

[58.6, 66.0]

65.1

[61.8, 68.5]

73.8

[70.4, 77.1]

p-value¥

0.396

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Province

 Ha Noi

0.83

[0.76, 0.89]

0.81

[0.75, 0.86]

0.84

[0.77, 0.90]

< 0.001

71.5

[66.7, 76.3]

70.5

[65.5, 75.5]

76.3

[71.7, 80.8]

0.006

 Hai Phong

0.86

[0.81, 0.91]

0.89

[0.85, 0.93]

0.91

[0.87, 0.95]

69.9

[65.6, 74.1]

68.9

[64.9, 72.8]

76.7

[72.8, 80.6]

 Ho Chi Minh City

0.83

[0.81, 0.85]

0.87

[0.85, 0.89]

0.91

[0.89, 0.93]

65.7

[64.0, 67.5]

70.8

[69.3, 72.4]

80.0

[78.6, 81.3]

 Da Nang

0.94

[0.89, 0.98]

0.92

[0.87, 0.98]

0.94

[0.89, 0.99]

75.5

[68.0, 83.0]

78.9

[74.4, 83.4]

85.4

[80.8, 89.9]

p-value¥

0.006

0.018

0.231

0.008

0.081

0.081

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Diagnosis (N = 583)

 Bacteriologically confirmed

0.87

[0.79, 0.95]

0.89

[0.83, 0.94]

0.90

[0.85, 0.95]

0.198

73.8

[68.4, 79.2]

73.9

[68.5, 79.4]

80.1

[74.7, 85.6]

0.018

 Clinically diagnosed

0.83

[0.81, 0.85]

0.87

[0.85, 0.88]

0.90

[0.89, 0.92]

66.6

[65.0, 68.2]

70.6

[69.2, 71.9]

79.3

[78.0, 80.6]

p-value¶

0.044

0.608

0.685

0.037

0.146

0.583

TB site (N = 583)

 Pulmonary TB

0.83

[0.82, 0.85]

0.87

[0.85, 0.88]

0.90

[0.89, 0.92]

0.138

67.1

[65.6, 68.6]

70.8

[69.4, 72.1]

79.4

[78.1, 80.6]

0.302

 Extrapulmonary TB

0.77

[0.41, 1.13]

0.80

[0.54, 1.05]

0.81

[0.65, 0.96]

65.0

[50.9, 79.1]

70.0

[58.2, 81.8]

75.9

[64.8, 87.0]

p-value¶

0.662

0.540

0.014

0.686

0.756

0.296

Treatment category (N = 583)

 New

0.85

[0.83, 0.87]

0.87

[0.86, 0.89]

0.91

[0.89, 0.92]

< 0.001

67.6

[66.0, 69.3]

71.2

[69.7, 72.7]

79.4

[78.1, 80.8]

0.037

 Retreatment

0.75

[0.71, 0.80]

0.84

[0.81, 0.87]

0.89

[0.84, 0.93]

64.5

[61.0, 68.0]

69.0

[65.9, 72.0]

78.9

[76.1, 81.7]

p-value¶

< 0.001

0.001

0.079

0.107

0.166

0.545

Treatment outcome (N = 531)

 Treatment success

0.83

[0.81, 0.85]

0.86

[0.85, 0.88]

0.90

[0.89, 0.92]

0.417

67.3

[65.7, 68.9]

71.4

[70.0, 72.8]

79.9

[78.6, 81.2]

0.072

 Unfavorable outcome*

0.84

[0.76, 0.92]

0.92

[0.86, 0.97]

0.91

[0.85, 0.97]

65.4

[59.4, 71.5]

69.2

[61.9, 76.5]

75.2

[69.2, 81.2]

p-value¶

0.787

0.149

0.707

0.483

0.473

0.092

HEALTH ACCESS

Care pathway

 NTP

0.82

[0.80, 0.84]

0.86

[0.84, 0.88]

0.90

[0.89, 0.92]

0.005

65.5

[63.7, 67.3]

70.5

[68.9, 72.1]

79.5

[78.0, 80.9]

< 0.001

 ACF

0.87

[0.84, 0.91]

0.88

[0.84, 0.91]

0.88

[0.84, 0.93]

70.4

[67.1, 73.7]

69.6

[66.5, 72.6]

77.7

[74.8, 80.7]

 PPM

0.88

[0.83, 0.92]

0.90

[0.86, 0.94]

0.94

[0.91, 0.97]

73.9

[69.2, 78.7]

76.3

[71.8, 80.7]

82.0

[78.1, 85.9]

p-value¥

0.003

0.181

0.288

0.001

0.023

0.224

Diagnostic delay (N = 515)

 1–3 weeks

0.90

[0.88, 0.93]

0.91

[0.88, 0.95]

0.95

[0.93, 0.97]

< 0.001

70.8

[67.0, 74.5]

74.2

[70.7, 77.7]

82.6

[79.6, 85.7]

< 0.001

 4–5 weeks

0.86

[0.82, 0.90]

0.89

[0.85, 0.92]

0.91

[0.87, 0.95]

71.3

[67.5, 75.1]

73.2

[69.7, 76.8]

79.4

[76.1, 82.8]

 6–10 weeks

0.83

[0.80, 0.87]

0.88

[0.85, 0.90]

0.94

[0.92, 0.96]

67.0

[63.4, 70.5]

71.0

[67.7, 74.2]

81.1

[78.7, 83.5]

 11–21 weeks

0.77

[0.72, 0.81]

0.84

[0.81, 0.88]

0.86

[0.82, 0.90]

62.8

[59.3, 66.3]

68.5

[65.5, 71.5]

77.1

[74.0, 80.1]

 22 + weeks

0.82

[0.77, 0.86]

0.84

[0.80, 0.88]

0.88

[0.84, 0.92]

64.1

[60.7, 67.5]

68.0

[65.1, 70.9]

76.0

[72.8, 79.1]

p-value¥

< 0.001

0.013

0.003

0.002

0.016

0.010

Health-seeking

 1–2 attempts

0.86

[0.81, 0.91]

0.84

[0.80, 0.89]

0.89

[0.84, 0.93]

< 0.001

69.1

[64.9, 73.3]

70.4

[66.9, 73.9]

79.3

[75.8, 82.8]

0.017

 3–4 attempts

0.86

[0.82, 0.89]

0.89

[0.87, 0.92]

0.93

[0.90, 0.95]

69.1

[65.9, 72.3]

72.7

[70.0, 75.4]

80.1

[77.7, 82.4]

 5–6 attempts

0.85

[0.81, 0.88]

0.88

[0.84, 0.91]

0.91

[0.87, 0.94]

68.2

[64.6, 71.8]

72.2

[69.1, 75.3]

79.0

[76.2, 81.9]

 7–10 attempts

0.84

[0.81, 0.88]

0.88

[0.85, 0.91]

0.91

[0.88, 0.94]

66.5

[63.3, 69.6]

69.3

[65.9, 72.7]

79.2

[76.3, 82.0]

 11 + attempts

0.77

[0.73, 0.81]

0.83

[0.79, 0.86]

0.87

[0.84, 0.91]

63.1

[60.2, 66.1]

68.9

[66.4, 71.5]

79.1

[76.3, 81.8]

p-value¥

< 0.001

0.037

0.067

0.017

0.208

0.998

Social Health Insurance

 No

0.83

[0.79, 0.86]

0.86

[0.83, 0.90]

0.92

[0.89, 0.95]

0.823

64.6

[61.3, 67.9]

71.5

[68.6, 74.3]

79.7

[77.2, 82.1]

0.516

 Yes

0.84

[0.82, 0.86]

0.87

[0.85, 0.88]

0.90

[0.88, 0.92]

67.9

[66.2, 69.5]

70.6

[69.1, 72.1]

79.3

[77.9, 80.7]

p-value¶

0.554

0.857

0.389

0.099

0.606

0.989

SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Education level

 Not literate

0.70

[0.58, 0.81]

0.72

[0.58, 0.86]

0.73

[0.55, 0.91]

< 0.001

50.0

[40.6, 59.4]

66.0

[58.7, 73.3]

73.4

[66.3, 80.6]

< 0.001

 Primary school

0.82

[0.79, 0.84]

0.87

[0.84, 0.89]

0.89

[0.87, 0.92]

63.9

[61.6, 66.1]

68.0

[65.8, 70.1]

77.4

[75.2, 79.5]

 Secondary school

0.85

[0.81, 0.88]

0.86

[0.83, 0.89]

0.90

[0.87, 0.93]

67.9

[64.9, 71.0]

69.6

[66.9, 72.2]

78.3

[75.9, 80.6]

 High school

0.85

[0.82, 0.88]

0.88

[0.85, 0.91]

0.92

[0.90, 0.95]

71.9

[68.4, 75.3]

73.6

[70.3, 76.9]

81.2

[78.4, 84.0]

 University/Post-graduate

0.88

[0.85, 0.91]

0.91

[0.89, 0.93]

0.96

[0.93, 0.98]

73.1

[69.7, 76.4]

78.5

[75.6, 81.4]

86.2

[83.7, 88.7]

p-value¥

0.003

0.160

0.003

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Education length

 0–4 years

0.78

[0.73, 0.83]

0.83

[0.79, 0.88]

0.86

[0.81, 0.91]

0.002

59.8

[56.2, 63.4]

67.6

[64.5, 70.7]

77.4

[74.3, 80.5]

< 0.001

 5–6 years

0.81

[0.76, 0.85]

0.85

[0.81, 0.89]

0.87

[0.83, 0.92]

63.8

[60.2, 67.3]

67.1

[63.6, 70.6]

76.1

[72.8, 79.3]

 7–8 years

0.84

[0.80, 0.89]

0.86

[0.82, 0.89]

0.88

[0.84, 0.92]

65.0

[61.2, 68.9]

66.2

[62.9, 69.5]

74.8

[71.6, 77.9]

 9–11 years

0.86

[0.83, 0.90]

0.89

[0.86, 0.91]

0.92

[0.90, 0.95]

69.6

[66.4, 72.9]

71.4

[68.6, 74.2]

79.2

[76.4, 82.0]

 12 + years

0.86

[0.84, 0.88]

0.89

[0.87, 0.91]

0.95

[0.93, 0.96]

73.2

[70.6, 75.8]

77.3

[75.1, 79.6]

85.4

[83.6, 87.2]

p-value¥

0.112

0.511

0.008

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Head of household

 No

0.82

[0.80, 0.85]

0.87

[0.85, 0.90]

0.91

[0.89, 0.94]

0.802

67.8

[65.5, 70.0]

72.9

[70.9, 74.9]

80.9

[79.2, 82.7]

0.003

 Yes

0.84

[0.82, 0.86]

0.86

[0.84, 0.88]

0.90

[0.87, 0.92]

66.6

[64.6, 68.7]

69.2

[67.4, 71.0]

78.2

[76.5, 79.9]

p-value¶

0.151

0.551

0.164

0.517

0.009

0.057

Household size

 0–4 years

0.85

[0.80, 0.91]

0.84

[0.79, 0.90]

0.87

[0.80, 0.94]

0.186

66.8

[61.2, 72.3]

67.8

[61.6, 74.1]

77.9

[72.7, 83.2]

0.026

 5–6 years

0.79

[0.74, 0.84]

0.83

[0.78, 0.88]

0.86

[0.80, 0.91]

64.8

[60.7, 68.9]

67.5

[64.1, 70.9]

75.6

[72.2, 79.1]

 7–8 years

0.83

[0.79, 0.87]

0.87

[0.83, 0.90]

0.93

[0.91, 0.96]

66.3

[63.0, 69.7]

69.8

[66.9, 72.8]

81.6

[79.0, 84.2]

 9–11 years

0.85

[0.82, 0.88]

0.88

[0.86, 0.91]

0.92

[0.89, 0.94]

68.3

[65.3, 71.3]

72.2

[69.7, 74.8]

80.4

[77.8, 83.0]

 12 + years

0.84

[0.82, 0.87]

0.88

[0.86, 0.90]

0.91

[0.88, 0.93]

67.9

[65.2, 70.5]

72.5

[70.2, 74.9]

79.4

[77.4, 81.3]

p-value¥

0.594

0.418

0.354

0.832

0.114

0.067

Primary earner

 No

0.84

[0.81, 0.86]

0.87

[0.85, 0.89]

0.89

[0.87, 0.92]

0.376

67.1

[65.0, 69.1]

70.9

[69.1, 72.7]

79.0

[77.3, 80.6]

0.457

 Yes

0.83

[0.81, 0.86]

0.86

[0.84, 0.88]

0.92

[0.90, 0.94]

67.2

[64.9, 69.4]

70.7

[68.6, 72.7]

79.9

[78.0, 81.7]

p-value¶

0.349

0.202

0.434

0.675

0.987

0.395

Employment

 Unemployed

0.82

[0.78, 0.86]

0.85

[0.82, 0.88]

0.86

[0.83, 0.90]

< 0.001

66.0

[63.1, 69.0]

68.0

[65.5, 70.6]

77.1

[74.8, 79.5]

< 0.001

 Formally employed

0.87

[0.84, 0.90]

0.91

[0.88, 0.94]

0.95

[0.92, 0.98]

73.1

[69.7, 76.6]

76.8

[73.6, 80.0]

84.6

[81.2, 88.0]

 Informally employed

0.84

[0.81, 0.86]

0.87

[0.85, 0.89]

0.92

[0.90, 0.94]

66.5

[64.2, 68.7]

72.3

[70.4, 74.2]

80.4

[78.7, 82.2]

 Don’t know/No answer

0.82

[0.77, 0.87]

0.84

[0.80, 0.89]

0.90

[0.87, 0.93]

65.8

[61.7, 69.8]

65.5

[61.4, 69.6]

75.2

[71.7, 78.6]

p-value¥

0.750

0.215

< 0.001

0.014

< 0.001

< 0.001

Pre-TB monthly income

 USD 0–24

0.82

[0.77, 0.86]

0.84

[0.80, 0.89]

0.87

[0.83, 0.91]

0.012

63.8

[60.2, 67.3]

66.4

[63.2, 69.6]

75.6

[72.6, 78.7]

< 0.001

 USD 25–169

0.83

[0.79, 0.87]

0.86

[0.82, 0.89]

0.87

[0.83, 0.91]

67.6

[64.2, 71.0]

70.3

[67.2, 73.4]

78.6

[75.9, 81.3]

 USD 170–259

0.82

[0.78, 0.86]

0.85

[0.82, 0.89]

0.90

[0.87, 0.94]

66.2

[62.9, 69.5]

70.2

[67.2, 73.1]

80.2

[77.5, 82.9]

 USD 260–389

0.85

[0.82, 0.88]

0.91

[0.89, 0.93]

0.94

[0.92, 0.97]

68.2

[64.9, 71.5]

74.1

[71.2, 77.0]

80.9

[78.2, 83.7]

 USD 390+

0.86

[0.82, 0.89]

0.88

[0.85, 0.91]

0.93

[0.90, 0.96]

70.1

[66.8, 73.4]

73.4

[70.6, 76.2]

81.6

[79.0, 84.2]

p-value¥

0.911

0.234

0.006

0.070

0.002

0.048

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF TB

Monthly income decline

 No decline

0.87

[0.85, 0.89]

0.88

[0.86, 0.91]

0.92

[0.89, 0.94]

< 0.001

68.5

[66.1, 70.8]

72.1

[69.9, 74.3]

80.7

[78.9, 82.6]

0.062

 USD 1-100

0.80

[0.75, 0.85]

0.85

[0.80, 0.89]

0.87

[0.82, 0.92]

66.1

[62.1, 70.0]

68.4

[64.9, 71.9]

78.3

[74.9, 81.7]

 USD 101–250

0.83

[0.79, 0.87]

0.85

[0.81, 0.89]

0.89

[0.85, 0.92]

67.4

[63.8, 71.1]

68.9

[65.4, 72.4]

76.7

[73.7, 79.7]

 USD 251–400

0.79

[0.75, 0.83]

0.88

[0.85, 0.90]

0.92

[0.89, 0.95]

64.6

[60.6, 68.5]

72.0

[69.1, 74.9]

79.7

[76.3, 83.0]

 USD 401+

0.82

[0.77, 0.88]

0.85

[0.81, 0.90]

0.91

[0.86, 0.95]

67.0

[62.5, 71.4]

70.3

[66.7, 74.0]

79.4

[75.7, 83.0]

p-value¥

< 0.001

0.022

0.226

0.554

0.408

0.157

Job loss

 No

0.85

[0.83, 0.87]

0.88

[0.86, 0.89]

0.90

[0.89, 0.92]

< 0.001

68.7

[67.1, 70.3]

71.0

[69.5, 72.6]

79.7

[78.3, 81.0]

< 0.001

 Yes

0.76

[0.72, 0.81]

0.83

[0.80, 0.87]

0.90

[0.87, 0.93]

60.6

[57.0, 64.2]

69.8

[67.2, 72.4]

78.0

[75.0, 81.0]

p-value¶

< 0.001

0.001

0.552

<0.001

0.393

0.349

Borrow or receive cash

 No

0.85

[0.83, 0.87]

0.88

[0.86, 0.89]

0.91

[0.89, 0.93]

< 0.001

68.3

[66.5, 70.0]

71.5

[69.9, 73.0]

80.1

[78.7, 81.5]

< 0.001

 Yes

0.79

[0.76, 0.83]

0.84

[0.81, 0.87]

0.89

[0.86, 0.92]

64.1

[61.1, 67.0]

69.1

[66.5, 71.6]

77.4

[74.9, 79.9]

p-value¶

0.015

0.014

0.015

0.013

0.143

0.057

Sell assets

 No

0.84

[0.82, 0.86]

0.87

[0.86, 0.89]

0.91

[0.89, 0.92]

< 0.001

67.7

[66.2, 69.2]

71.3

[69.9, 72.6]

79.6

[78.3, 80.9]

< 0.001

 Yes

0.75

[0.67, 0.84]

0.77

[0.69, 0.86]

0.88

[0.80, 0.95]

56.7

[49.8, 63.6]

61.8

[54.5, 69.1]

74.8

[69.9, 79.8]

p-value¶

0.032

0.013

0.068

0.002

0.006

0.028